-ian; -ese နှင့် အမည်မရှိ၊ အမှတ်မရှိ
kai
From the list, I find 8 major suffixes, they are:
- -ian (Italian, Norwegian)
- -ean (Chilean, Korean)
- -an (American, Mexican)
- -ese (Chinese, Japanese)
- -er (Icelander, New Zealander)
- -ic (Icelandic, Greenlandic)
- -ish (English, Irish)
- -i (Iraqi, Pakistani)
Looking at the map, we can probably notice some distributive patterns right away. For instance, –ish is mainly used for European nations, –i is for nations in the Middle East, –ic and –er seem to occur only after the word –land, but the others seem to be more random.
Not satisfied with the mere geographical picture, I decided to trace the histories of these suffixes.
| Suffix | Origin |
| -ian | Latin |
| -ean | Latin |
| -an | Latin |
| -ese | Latin → Italian |
| -er | Latin → Germanic |
| -ic | Latin → Germanic |
| -ish | Germanic |
| -i | Arabic |
=
Chinian, not Chinese?
In an interesting twist on the “Shanghainese” issue, Kevin Keqing Liu at China Daily argues that it’s time to retire “Chinese” in favor of “Chinian”. His reasoning starts this way:
Group I: American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian…
Group II: Chinese, Congolese, Japanese, Nepalese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Vietnamese…
In the State of Ohio in the United States, what do local residents call themselves? Ohioese? Wrong. Ohioan. In Toronto, Canada, the people there call themselves yes, you guessed it Torontonian. Never Torontonese.
Not enough to make you feel superior should you fall into Group I, or inferior if you unfortunately happen to be in Group II? Let’s look at the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1978, for the definition of “-ese”: suffix, 1. (the people or language) belonging to (a country); 2. (usually derogatory) literature written in the (stated) style. Examples: Johnsonese; journalese.
Or MSN Encarta Dictionary online: … 3. The style of language of a particular group (disapproving). Example: officialese. [Via Old French -eis; Italian -ese]
He continues the argument:
The English-speaking founding fathers of Singapore were well aware of the subtle significance behind the “-ese” and “-an” distinction, and opted for Singaporean when the nation became independent in 1965.
India has a different story. The Indians stemmed from Europe. Europeans saw Indians as relatives. You wouldn’t want to use harsh descriptions for your relatives, would you?
The same is true of Central and South Americans, who are cousins of North Americans and Mexicans.
You may ask: What about the Portuguese, also Europeans? Well, a few hundred years back, Portugal was a powerful nation warring fiercely with other major European countries for resources in overseas colonies, and was victimized by being hated and looked down upon by their European rivals.
and concludes:
In the 21st century, the world has evolved into an era when racial discrimination is not tolerated. It is time the names in Group II were abolished.
I don’t know the history in detail, but I believe that the development of the derogatory suffix for writing or speaking styles followed, rather than preceded, the use of -ese for adjectival forms of toponyms. That’s what the OED says:
A frequent mod. application of the suffix is to form words designating the diction of certain authors who are accused of writing in a dialect of their own invention; e.g. Johnsonese, Carlylese. On the model of derivatives from authors’ names were formed Americanese, cablese, headlinese, journalese, newspaperese, novelese, officialese, etc.
The earliest citation for this development is from 1898:
1898 F. HARRISON in 19th Cent. June 941 As Mat Arnold said to me..‘Flee Carlylese as the very devil!’ Yes! flee Carlylese, Ruskinese, Meredithese, and every other ese.
1899 Golf Illustr. 14 July 134 American ‘golfese’.
1906 Daily Chron. 2 Aug. 3/2 Deplorable guide-bookese.
As for the story of the affix itself, the OED gives it this way:
forming adjs., is ad. OF. -eis (mod.F. -ois, -ais): — Com. Romanic -ese (It. -ese, Pr., Sp. -es, Pg. -ez):– L. ēnsem. The L. suffix had the sense ‘belonging to, originating in (a place)’, as in hortēnsis, prātēnsis, f. hortus garden, prātum meadow, and in many adjs. f. local names, as Carthāginiēnsis Carthaginian, Athēniēnsis Athenian. Its representatives in the Romanic langs. are still the ordinary means of forming adjs. upon names of countries or places. In Eng. -ese forms derivatives from names of countries (chiefly after Romanic prototypes), as Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, and from some names of foreign (never English) towns, as Milanese, Viennese, Pekinese, Cantonese. These adjs. may usually be employed as ns., either as names of languages, or as designations of persons; in the latter use they formerly had plurals in -s, but the pl. has now the same form as the sing., the words being taken rather as adjs. used absol. than as proper ns. (From words in -ese used as pl. have arisen in illiterate speech such sing. forms as Chinee, Maltee, Portugee.)
There’s clearly a story to be told about the concentration of -ese derivatives in East Asia, but I don’t think that the story Liu tells is the right one, at least historically.
In sorting -ese and -ian, we need to note that English has other processes for forming adjectives from place names, including -ish (Irish, British, Flemish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish), -i (Afghani, Iraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Pakistani) and the motley collection of processes involved in cases like French and Greek.
In this context, we should note that -ish also has a disparaging or belittling tinge in nonce formations, as the OED observes:
In recent colloquial and journalistic use, -ish has become the favourite ending for forming adjs. for the nonce (esp. of a slighting or depreciatory nature) on proper names of persons, places, or things, and even on phrases, e.g. Disraelitish, Heine-ish, Mark Twainish, Micawberish, Miss Martineauish, Queen Annish, Spectator-ish, Tupperish, West Endish; all-over-ish, at-homeish, devil-may-care-ish, how-d’ye-doish, jolly-good-fellowish, merry-go-roundish, out-of-townish, and the like.
This can hardly be because the adjectival forms of toponyms with -ish are themselves generally deprecated.
Reforming English to regularize all adjectival forms of toponyms using -an or -ian would, ironically, align everyone with the usage attributed to George W. Bush in what were (among) the earliest reported “Bushisms”: Grecians, East Timorians, Kosovians. On this line, I guess, you could pitch it as an educational reform to make it easier for schoolchildren to learn standard English, rather than as an exercise in political correctness designed to avoid negative connotations attached to anyone’s morphemes.
But perhaps we’ll see an alternative movement to rescue these morphemes from their historical degradation at the hands of elitist irony: “Say it loud: -ish and proud!”
[Update: Aaron “Dr. Whom” Dinkin asks whether Spaniard uses the same morpheme as words like bastard, canard, mallard, coward, buzzard, drunkard, laggard, sluggard etc.. It does, I believe. ]
Posted by Mark Liberman at January 26, 2006 06:51 AM
=
The -an, -ian, and -ese suffixes all stem from the Latin adjectival naming system:
-ian or -an, from Latin, –ianus, meaning “native of”, “relating to”, or “belonging to”
-ese, from the Latin, -ensis, meaning “originating in”
Why one nationality got assigned a -ian or -an suffix in the English language, while another got the -ese suffix is either an arbitrary evolution from an earlier form (usually from French), or simply whatever sounded nicer at the time, or maybe a combination of the two. At least, that’s my theory, anyway.
=
-ian; -ese Both suffixes come from a Latin tradition as previously mentioned. Sinensis and Japonensis are neo-Latin words for ‘Chinese’ and ‘Japanese’ found in some botanical names.
The -ian(us) suffix is Latin but appears to be more Late Latin. For example, the Imperial Romans used Dacicus, Macedonicus, Parthicus (Trajanus Parthicus = Roman emperor and conqueror 101-106 A.D.) as epithets for ‘Dacian’, ‘Macedonian’ and ‘Parthian’ rather than Dacianus, Macedonianus, Parthianus etc. .
There is no hard fast rule as to how they were used but generally -ensis was used for smaller places like cities or towns as in Gallia Lugdonensis, a part of ancient Gaul named after the town of Lugdunum (Celtic for ‘Lug’s Fortress’ < Lug the Celtic god of light), the modern French city of Lyon which has -ese in the adjectival form as in “eggs cooked Lyonese style.” But there was also Gallia Aquitania (Aquitanian Gaul) named after the province (or region) of Aquitania in western Gaul (France).
=
Listen, I’m Chinian, not Chinese
Kevin Keqing LiuChina Daily Updated: 2006-01-19 06:32
Group I: American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian…
Group II: Chinese, Congolese, Japanese, Nepalese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Vietnamese…
In the State of Ohio in the United States, what do local residents call themselves? Ohioese? Wrong. Ohioan. In Toronto, Canada, the people there call themselves yes, you guessed it Torontonian. Never Torontonese.
Not enough to make you feel superior should you fall into Group I, or inferior if you unfortunately happen to be in Group II? Let’s look at the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1978, for the definition of “-ese”: suffix, 1. (the people or language) belonging to (a country); 2. (usually derogatory) literature written in the (stated) style. Examples: Johnsonese; journalese.
Or MSN Encarta Dictionary online: … 3. The style of language of a particular group (disapproving). Example: officialese. [Via Old French -eis; Italian -ese]
Even these two dictionaries published in modern times when racism is illegal reveal that, clearly, “-ese” here relates to derogation and shows a low opinion of people, to say nothing of centuries ago when the ancient Europeans saw themselves as the centre of the world, and called the countries near the eastern Mediterranean sea “Near East,” the Asian countries west of India “Middle East,” the Asian countries east of India “Far East,” and North America the “New World.”
In ancient times, China’s economy was comparatively developed and it made initial contact with Europe through merchandise trading such as porcelain or china hence the country name China via the Silk Road.
While excited about the unique goods, the arrogant old Europeans felt uneasy with this totally different people from the remote East having a strange physical appearance and inferior culture in their eyes, and laughed at the latter’s difficult languages, ugly attire, and dire foods; therefore they named them in a negative way.
Countries such as Japan, Nepal and Viet Nam resemble China in human physical appearance and culture, and were also victimized.
Why, then, the survival of many Africans such as Egyptian and Tunisian, and Central and South Americans such as Jamaican and Brazilian, as well as some Asians Korean, Malaysian and Indian?
My research indicates that, firstly, when Europeans made initial contact with Koreans and Malaysians, hundreds of years later than with the Chinese, Europe was more civilized and less racist; secondly, by now, Europeans were getting used to the Asian physical appearance and culture and began to accept them; and finally, Europeans happened to like the way the Koreans and Malaysians interacted with Europeans, when both made initial contact.
The inferences can be applied to the Africans whose names end with an “-an.”
The English-speaking founding fathers of Singapore were well aware of the subtle significance behind the “-ese” and “-an” distinction, and opted for Singaporean when the nation became independent in 1965.
India has a different story. The Indians stemmed from Europe. Europeans saw Indians as relatives. You wouldn’t want to use harsh descriptions for your relatives, would you?
The same is true of Central and South Americans, who are cousins of North Americans and Mexicans.
You may ask: What about the Portuguese, also Europeans? Well, a few hundred years back, Portugal was a powerful nation warring fiercely with other major European countries for resources in overseas colonies, and was victimized by being hated and looked down upon by their European rivals.
In the 21st century, the world has evolved into an era when racial discrimination is not tolerated. It is time the names in Group II were abolished.
(China Daily 01/19/2006 page4)
=
The Anglo-Burmese, also known as the Anglo-Burmans, are a community of Eurasians of Burmese and European descent, who emerged as a distinct community through mixed relations (sometimes permanent, sometimes temporary) between the British and other European settlers and the indigenous peoples of Burma from 1826 until 1948 when Burma gained its independence from the United Kingdom.
After the Portuguese and the French, the Dutch also established trade missions in Burma and with them came Armenian settlers, both communities intermarrying with the already established Eurasians or marrying local Burmese people. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) was active in Burma in the 18th century and many Anglo-Burmans of Dutch heritage are descended from the Dutch merchants who settled in the country. Today’s Anglo-Burmese can count a very diverse lineage in their blood.
=
Myanmar
Myanmar: The advent of the Burmans at Pagan
Another group of Tibeto- Burman speakers, the Burmans, also had become established in the northern dry zone. They were centred on the small settlement of Pagan on the Irrawaddy River. By the mid-9th century, Pagan had emerged as the capital of a powerful kingdom that would unify Myanmar and inaugurate the Burman domination of the country that has continued to the present day.
=
The word “Japan” is actually not Japanese. It’s rather from Chinese. It is from World War II when people went over to China and heard Chinese people say something similar to “Japan” were saying “Riben” in Mandarin Chinese but somehow someone got confused and used the Cantonese word for Japan “Yat boon”. So being British, they used the Wade-Giles Romanization, where the r sound is turned into a y sound but written with a j. The actually confusion started when someone forgot which to use, Mandarin or Cantonese, so they mixed it up. So, instead of Nihon or Nippon, it became “Japan” which is nowhere close to the original pronunciation from the Japanese language.
All European languages used this British made word, Japan, as is, or a variation, like “Japon” in French.
“Cipangu” is not a Portuguese word, it’s a word made up by Marco Polo, from 13th century Venetian’s Italian, who NEVER visited China, but yet made a ridiculously inaccurate map, which Christopher Columbus was trying to use to steal Japan’s riches, but failed because Columbus NEVER found Japan.
=
The suffixes -ese and -an come from Romance languages, while -ish comes from Germanic languages (including Old English). Those that have other suffixes (eg Iraqi, Filipino, Afrikaner) are generally direct from the native language.
How the suffix is picked is based on a mixture of etymology and what sounds nice. Our word German, for example, came to us through Latin, and as such has a Romance, rather than Germanic, ending.
=
Burma and the Empire of Kublai Khan
Though the account is mainly known for its wealth of information about the Yuan state and Chinese/Mongolian society and culture, it also contains some information about the empire’s neighbors. Burma is the subject of four chapters (chapters LI-LIV of Book II).
In Polo’s account, Burma appears under the name Mien; this is how the country was called by the Chinese in those days. The kingdom’s capital also bears its Chinese name: Amien. In terms of global history, the Burma of Marco Polo is the Burma of the Bagan kingdom; Amien is the city of Bagan itself.
The book tells the short story of the troubled relations between the two states. Those years were dominated by a war that ended with the defeat and subjugation of Bagan Burma.
Chapter LII of Book II describes the battle that took place at Vochan in the empire’s south. He gives a glimpse of the Burmese military.
It was written that the Mien/Bagan king was able to amass an army of 60,000 footmen and horsemen. Battle elephants played a special role in strategy, and the explorer wrote how the giant creatures frightened the horses of the Mongols but, in turn, were forced to retreat under the assault of archers.
=
40 comments
kai
February 11, 2015 at 8:11 am
The Book of Tea by Kakuzo Okakura:
… The earliest record of tea in European writing is said to be found in the statement of an Arabian traveller, that after the year 879 the main sources of revenue in Canton were the duties on salt and tea. Marco Polo records the deposition of a Chinese minister of finance in 1285 for his arbitrary augmentation of the tea-taxes. It was at the period of the great discoveries that the European people began to know more about the extreme Orient. At the end of the sixteenth century the Hollanders brought the news that a pleasant drink was made in the East from the leaves of a bush. The travellers Giovanni Batista Ramusio (1559), L. Almeida (1576), Maffeno (1588), Tareira (1610), also mentioned tea. In the last-named year ships of the Dutch East India Company brought the first tea into Europe. It was known in France in 1636, and reached Russia in 1638. England welcomed it in 1650 and spoke of it as “That excellent and by all physicians approved China drink, called by the Chineans Tcha, and by other nations Tay, alias Tee.”
kai
February 11, 2015 at 8:25 am
-ese
Let us now turn to the controversial suffix -ese. You could well say that there does not seem to be a pattern geographically. Countries using -ese are scattered everywhere in Asia, Africa, South America, and we also have Portugal in Europe! But my attention turns to Italian when I give this suffix some more thought.
In Italian, -ese is a much more common suffix of nationality than in English. Words that use -ese in Italian but not in English include danese (Danish), finlandese (Finnish), francese (French), inglese (English) and islandese (Icelandic). In fact, -ese (from Latin -ēnsis) is the next most common suffix after the Latin triplet -ian/-ean/-an.
The Third Voyage of Christopher Columbus
It turns out that words ending in -ese in English actually come from Italian. Recalling that Marco Polo and other Italian traders were the first Europeans to reach the Far East, it is therefore no surprise that many Asian countries use -ese. In addition, the countries using -ese in South America are all very close to where Christopher Columbus, himself an Italian, first landed on the continent. But of course, why some countries in Africa and the Americas use the Italian suffix, while others use French or Spanish suffixes is a result of their long and complicated colonial histories.
အလင်းဆက်
February 11, 2015 at 10:51 am
Chinian လို့..သုံးရမှာလား…
ခင်ဇော်
February 11, 2015 at 11:05 am
ဟမ်မငေးးး
မြန်းမိ လိုရေးပြဘာ။
အင်းဂလိ လို မဖတ်နိုင်လို့။
အချစ်ကံခေပေမယ့် အနှစ်ကျန်စေချင်တဲ့ ဂီ
February 11, 2015 at 12:23 pm
သခင်မျိုးဟေ့ ဒိုဘာမင်
အာဝူး
🙂
Mike
February 11, 2015 at 1:01 pm
.သခင်မျိုးဟေ့ ဒိုမြန်မာနီစ် :))
kai
February 11, 2015 at 1:26 pm
အယ်ဒီတာ့သင်ပုန်းရေးဖို့.. Note စုထားတာတွေတချို့ပေါ့..။
စိနပြည်.. ဂငယ်ပြည်တို့နဲ့တေ့ာမဆိုင်..။ ကိုယ်နဲံဆိုင်တဲ့.. ဗမာပြည်အတွက် နည်းနည်းသုတေသနလုပ်ကြည့်တာပါ..။
တယောက်ယောက်က.. တိုက်ရိုက်ဘာသာပြန်ဆောင်းပါးဖြစ်ဖြစ်.. ရေးနိုင်ရင်တော့ ကောင်းမှာပေါ့..။
http://www.linglish.net/2008/10/22/so-many-nationality-suffixes/
http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002786.html
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/19/content_513569.htm
http://www.antimoon.com/forum/t456.htm
http://www.eslnewscast.com/2013/05/10/confusion-with-nationality-suffixes-week-in-review/
http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002775.html
ကိုယ့်လူမျိုးနာမယ်.. နှိမ်မခံရဖို့.. အဲဒီလူမျိုးကိုယ်တိုင်ကလွဲလို့..ဘယ်သူမှဝင်လုပ်ပေးမယ်တော့..မဟုတ်..။
စင်္ကာပူက..အဲလိုနဲ့.. စင်္ကာပူရီယန်ဖြစ်သွားတယ်လို့ဆိုပါတယ်..။
အဲဒီအထဲကစာတွေ ဖတ်ကြည့်ရသလောက်တော့. -ese နဲ့အဆုံးသတ်ထားတဲ့.. လူမျိုးနာမယ်တွေက.. နှိမ်ခေါ်ထားတာပဲလို့.. ဆိုလိုချင်ပုံရပါတယ်..။
အင်္ဂလိပ်စာရဲ့.. မူရင်းလက်တင်ဘာသာမှာ..အဓိပ္ပါယ်ပေါ်တယ်..တဲ့..။
မြန်မာတွေကို.. အင်္ဂလိပ်တွေကျွန်မပြုခင်က..Burman ခေါ်ခဲ့ပြီး.. သူ့ကျွန်လည်းဖြစ်ရော.. Burmese ပြောင်းတာ..။ ဒါပေမယ့်သူတို့ဥရောပသားနဲ့ရပြီးမွေးတဲ့အနွယ်ကိုတော့.. Anglo-Burman ပြန်ခေါ်တာ…။
စိန့်ပြည်ကိုလည်း..Chineans ကနေ ဘိန်းစစ်ထဲ.. Chinese, ဂငယ်ပြည်ကိုလည်း..“Cipangu” ကနေ.. မီဂျီခေတ်တွေမှာ.. ယူအက်စ်ကစစ်သင်္ဘောနဲ့သွားပြီးမှ.. Nipon ကနေ.. Japanese ဖြစ်ကုန်တာတွေလို့.. မှတ်ယူမိတယ်..။
အောက်မှာ.. အဘိဓာန်ကတိုက်ရိုက်ဖွင့်တဲ့အနက်နဲ့..သမိုင်းကြောင်းအမြည်းလေး…။
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1978, for the definition of “-ese”: suffix, 1. (the people or language) belonging to (a country); 2. (usually derogatory) literature written in the (stated) style. Examples: Johnsonese; journalese.
Or MSN Encarta Dictionary online: … 3. The style of language of a particular group (disapproving). Example: officialese. [Via Old French -eis; Italian -ese]
==
The -ian(us) suffix is Latin but appears to be more Late Latin. For example, the Imperial Romans used Dacicus, Macedonicus, Parthicus (Trajanus Parthicus = Roman emperor and conqueror 101-106 A.D.) as epithets for ‘Dacian’, ‘Macedonian’ and ‘Parthian’ rather than Dacianus, Macedonianus, Parthianus etc. .
There is no hard fast rule as to how they were used but generally -ensis was used for smaller places like cities or towns as in Gallia Lugdonensis, a part of ancient Gaul named after the town of Lugdunum (Celtic for ‘Lug’s Fortress’ < Lug the Celtic god of light), the modern French city of Lyon which has -ese in the adjectival form as in “eggs cooked Lyonese style.” But there was also Gallia Aquitania (Aquitanian Gaul) named after the province (or region) of Aquitania in western Gaul (France). =
pooch
February 11, 2015 at 1:51 pm
ကဲပြော ဒါဆို
အဲ့ဒါကို စပြင်ဖို့ ဘယ်သူက အတည်ပြုလက်ခံပေးမှာလဲ
ငယ်ငယ်ကတော့ တခုခု ပြင်ချင်ရင် ကျောင်းသုံးဖတ်စာအုပ်တွေ အသစ်လဲတာတွေ့ဖူးတာပဲ
kai
February 11, 2015 at 1:54 pm
မြန်မာပြည်နဲ့.. မြန်မာလူမျိုးကို.. အင်္ဂလိပ်လို.. Myanmar ပဲဖြစ်နေသေးတယ်..။
လူမျိုးနဲ့..တိုင်းပြည်အမည်တူနေတာ.. ကမ္ဘာမှာမရှိ..။
ဆိုတော့… ကမ္ဘာ့နိုင်ငံသားတွေ.. ခေါ်ရဒုက္ခရောက်နေတဲ့..
Burma, Myanmar ပြဿနာမှာ.. ကြားကျသွားအောင်… မြန်မာလူမျိုးကို.. အင်္ဂလိပ်လို.. Burman ‘ဒါမှမဟုတ် ပြင်သစ်လို Birman ပြန်လုပ်နိုင်ရင်.. ဦးဆောင်တဲ့သူ.. နိုဗယ်ဆုတောင်.. ရနိုင်..။ :k:
ဒါမှမဟုတ်.. ကြောင်တွေရောင်းကောင်းနိုင်…။
The Birman, also called the “Sacred Cat of Burma”,[1] is a domestic cat breed. The Birman is a long-haired, colorpointed cat distinguished by a silky coat, deep blue eyes and contrasting white “gloves” on each paw.
The breed name is derived from Birmanie, the French form of Burma. The Birman breed was first recognized in France by the Cat Club de France in 1925, then in England by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy[2] (GCCF) in 1966 and in United States by the Cat Fanciers’ Association[1] (CFA) in 1967. It is also recognized by the Canadian Cat Association (CCA), and by The International Cat Association[3] (TICA) in 1979.
kai
February 11, 2015 at 1:44 pm
စုတဲ့အထဲ.. ဖတ်မတတ်တဲ့.. စိန့်တိုင်းစကားတွေပါနေတယ်..။ ဒါပေမယ့်… မှတ်တမ်းကျန်အောင်.. တင်..။
近代外国人侮辱我们为Chinese，我们要给自己正名！
明朝(1368-1644)及清朝初期(1644-1911)时期，欧洲同时期的地图大部分以拉丁文标注为Chinensis，-sis后缀无明确的意思，熟悉拉丁文的朋友，如搞生物、医药的，应该知道。罕有的由约翰.斯彼德(John Speed)编著的地图集(1627-1676)，是由英文标注的，可以清楚的看到Chinian，Chinian men, Chinian women，The Chinian Ocean。而当欧洲列强用大炮敲开了中国的大门后，称谓也就变了！
英文好的朋友可到http://library.ust.hk/info/exhibit/maps-2002/maps-gallery1.html看看，
英文后缀-ese是侮辱性的，-ian(-n)则是尊敬的，大家都学过英语，我就不废话了，所以我们都是Chinian，从自己尊重自己开始！更不要再发明类似Cantonese这样的词了！
30年前伊朗将其英文名从波斯(persia)改为伊朗(iran, iranian)，他们以被称为iranian而自豪，不会称自己为iranese。
北京是用汉语拼音beijing，而不是以前西方人自己拼的什么单词。
英吉利(English)原来都是有犬字旁的，为什么现在改掉了呢？
日本Japanese也更名为Nipponian，何况我们中国！
看了此文的朋友们，请再转告你们的朋友！
အလင်းဆက်
February 11, 2015 at 1:52 pm
近代外国人侮辱我们为Chinese，我们要给自己正名！
明朝(1368-1644)及清朝初期(1644-1911)时期，欧洲同时期的地图大部分以拉丁文标注为Chinensis，-sis后缀无明确的意思，熟悉拉丁文的朋友，如搞生物、医药的，应该知道。罕有的由约翰.斯彼德(John Speed)编著的地图集(1627-1676)，是由英文标注的，可以清楚的看到Chinian，Chinian men, Chinian women，The Chinian Ocean。而当欧洲列强用大炮敲开了中国的大门后，称谓也就变了！
英文好的朋友可到http://library.ust.hk/info/exhibit/maps-2002/maps-gallery1.html看看，
英文后缀-ese是侮辱性的，-ian(-n)则是尊敬的，大家都学过英语，我就不废话了，所以我们都是Chinian，从自己尊重自己开始！更不要再发明类似Cantonese这样的词了！
30年前伊朗将其英文名从波斯(persia)改为伊朗(iran, iranian)，他们以被称为iranian而自豪，不会称自己为iranese。
北京是用汉语拼音beijing，而不是以前西方人自己拼的什么单词。
英吉利(English)原来都是有犬字旁的，为什么现在改掉了呢？
日本Japanese也更名为Nipponian，何况我们中国！
看了此文的朋友们，请再转告你们的朋友！
====================================
translate = Google
Modern foreigners insult our Chinese, we have to give his name!
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) period, the map of Europe in the same period of the most marked in Latin Chinensis, -sis suffix no clear meaning, familiar Latin friends, such as engaging in biology, medicine should know. Rare by John Sibi De (John Speed) compiled the Atlas (1627-1676), was marked by the English, you can clearly see Chinian, Chinian men, Chinian women, The Chinian Ocean. And when the European powers with artillery knocked on the door to China, the title will have changed!
http://library.ust.hk/info/exhibit/maps-2002/maps-gallery1.html good English friends can see,
English suffix -ese is insulting, -ian (-n) is respected, we all learned English, I do not nonsense, so we are Chinian, from his start respecting yourself! Not to reinvent such words similar to the Cantonese!
Iran 30 years ago, its English name from Persia (persia) to Iran (iran, iranian), they are proud to be called iranian not call themselves iranese.
Beijing is using Pinyin beijing, rather than what Westerners own words before the fight.
English (English) originally were there beside the word dog, why get rid of it?
Japan Japanese also renamed Nipponian, not to mention our China!
Read the article friends, please tell your friend again!
:k:
:k:
kai
February 11, 2015 at 1:57 pm
အောင်မြလေး..သိပ်တော်…
ဆိုတော့…
ဒါလေးကို.. အင်္ဂလိပ်လိုပြန်ပေးပါနော..။
အမေရိကတွင်နေသော အမေရိကန်အင်္ဂလိပ်လိုတတ်သည့် မြန်မာ-အမေရိကန်တယောက် မြန်မာပြည်ပြန်သောအခါ..မြန်မာစကားနှင့်မြန်မာစာကို..မြန်မာလောက် မြန်မာလိုမပြောတတ်..
မရေးတတ်တော့သော်လည်း မြန်မာ့ယဉ်ကျေးမှု..မြန်မာ့ဓလေ့ကိုတော့ မြန်မာထက်မြန်မာဆန်ဆန်သိသည်။ :k:
pooch
February 11, 2015 at 2:01 pm
နောက်နေတာလား သူကြီး :loll:
အလင်းဆက်
February 11, 2015 at 2:29 pm
အဲအဲ အဲ့ဒါကိုတော့ဟို တီလုပ်လိုပဲ ပြန်ပေးတတ်တယ်
ခွိခွိ
:k:
အချစ်ကံခေပေမယ့် အနှစ်ကျန်စေချင်တဲ့ ဂီ
February 11, 2015 at 2:05 pm
တိုင်းပြည်နဲ့လူမျိုးနာမည်ကို ဘီယာလုပ်ရောင်းတာလည်း
ဒီတနိုင်ငံထဲရှိမယ်ထင့်
ဂုဏ်ယူလိုက်ဇမ်းဘာ သဂျီးရာ
အဘဖားသက်ပြင်း ကျမ္မာပါဇီ
🙂
kai
February 11, 2015 at 2:10 pm
အယ်ဒီတာ့သင်ပုန်းထဲရေးမှာတွေအကုန်ပါကုန်ပြီ..။
ထားတော့…
ဆိုတော့… မြန်မာပြည်မှာက.. စကားလုံးနဲ့စစ်တွေဖြစ်..လူတွေသတ်..လူတွေမုန်းနေကြသဗျ…။
Myanmar, Burma
တရုတ်
ကုလား
ဘင်္ဂလီ-ရိုဟင်ဂျာ
အမေရိက-အမေရိကန်
ဘာတွေရှိသေးလည်းမသိ…
အနိစ္စ…။ :i:
Wow
February 11, 2015 at 2:48 pm
ဘာဒွေမှန်းလဲတိဝူး
kai
February 11, 2015 at 3:05 pm
The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo
Chapter li.
Wherein is Related How the King of Mien and Bangala Vowed Vengeance Against the Great Kaan.
But I was forgetting to tell you of a famous battle that was fought in the kingdom of Vochan in the Province of Zardandan, and that ought not to be omitted from our Book. So we will relate all the particulars.
You see, in the year of Christ, 1272,1 the Great Kaan sent a large force into the kingdoms of Carajan and Vochan, to protect them from the ravages of ill-disposed people; and this was before he had sent any of his sons to rule the country, as he did afterwards when he made Sentemur king there, the son of a son of his who was deceased.
Now there was a certain king, called the king of Mien and of Bangala, who was a very puissant prince, with much territory and treasure and people; and he was not as yet subject to the Great Kaan, though it was not long after that the latter conquered him and took from him both the kingdoms that I have named.2 And it came to pass that when this king of Mien and Bangala heard that the host of the Great Kaan was at Vochan, he said to himself that it behoved him to go against them with so great a force as should insure his cutting off the whole of them, insomuch that the Great Kaan would be very sorry ever to send an army again thither [to his frontier].
So this king prepared a great force and munitions of war; and he had, let me tell you, 2000 great elephants, on each of which was set a tower of timber, well framed and strong, and carrying from twelve to sixteen well-armed fighting men.[NOTE 3] And besides these, he had of horsemen and of footmen good 60,000 men. In short, he equipped a fine force, as well befitted such a puissant prince. It was indeed a host capable of doing great things.
And what shall I tell you? When the king had completed these great preparations to fight the Tartars, he tarried not, but straightway marched against them. And after advancing without meeting with anything worth mentioning, they arrived within three days of the Great Kaan’s host, which was then at Vochan in the territory of Zardandan, of which I have already spoken. So there the king pitched his camp, and halted to refresh his army.
NOTE 1. — This date is no doubt corrupt. (See note 3, ch. lii.)
NOTE 2. — MIEN is the name by which the kingdom of Burma or Ava was and is known to the Chinese. M. Garnier informs me that Mien–Kwé or Mien-tisong is the name always given in Yun-nan to that kingdom, whilst the Shans at Kiang Hung call the Burmese Man (pronounced like the English word).
The title given to the sovereign in question of King of BENGAL, as well as of Mien, is very remarkable. We shall see reason hereafter to conceive that Polo did more or less confound Bengal with Pegu, which was subject to the Burmese monarchy up to the time of the Mongol invasion. But apart from any such misapprehension, there is not only evidence of rather close relations between Burma and Gangetic India in the ages immediately preceding that of our author, but also some ground for believing that he may be right in his representation, and that the King of Burma may have at this time arrogated the title of “King of Bengal,” which is attributed to him in the text.
Anaurahta, one of the most powerful kings in Burmese history (1017–1059), extended his conquests to the frontiers of India, and is stated to have set up images within that country. He also married an Indian princess, the daughter of the King of Wethali (i. e, Vaiçali in Tirhút).
There is also in the Burmese Chronicle a somewhat confused story regarding a succeeding king, Kyan-tsittha (A.D. 1064), who desired to marry his daughter to the son of the King of Patteik–Kará, a part of Bengal.1 The marriage was objected to by the Burmese nobles, but the princess was already with child by the Bengal prince; and their son eventually succeeded to the Burmese throne under the name of Alaungtsi-thu. When king, he travelled all over his dominions, and visited the images which Anaurahta had set up in India. He also maintained intercourse with the King of Patteik Kara and married his daughter. Alaungtsi-thu is stated to have lived to the age of 101 years, and to have reigned 75. Even then his death was hastened by his son Narathu, who smothered him in the temple called Shwé-Ku (“Golden Cave”), at Pagán, and also put to death his Bengali step-mother. The father of the latter sent eight brave men, disguised as Brahmans, to avenge his daughter’s death. Having got access to the royal presence through their sacred character, they slew King Narathu and then themselves. Hence King Narathu is known in the Burmese history as the Kalá-Kya Meng or “King slain by the Hindus.” He was building the great Temple at Pagán called Dhammayangyi, at the time of his death, which occurred about the year 1171. The great-grandson of this king was Narathihapade (presumably Narasinha-pati), the king reigning at the time of the Mongol invasion.
All these circumstances show tolerably close relations between Burma and Bengal, and also that the dynasty then reigning in Burma was descended from a Bengal stock. Sir Arthur Phayre, after noting these points, remarks: “From all these circumstances, and from the conquests attributed to Anaurahta, it is very probable that, after the conquest of Bengal by the Mahomedans in the 13th century, the kings of Burma would assume the title of Kings of Bengal. This is nowhere expressly stated in the Burmese history, but the course of events renders it very probable. We know that the claim to Bengal was asserted by the kings of Burma in long after years. In the Journal of the Marquis of Hastings, under the date of 6th September, 1818, is the following passage: ‘The king of Burma favoured us early this year with the obliging requisition that we should cede to him Moorshedabad and the provinces to the east of it, which he deigned to say were all natural dependencies of his throne.’ And at the time of the disputes on the frontier of Arakan, in 1823–1824, which led to the war of the two following years, the Governor of Arakan made a similar demand. We may therefore reasonably conclude that at the close of the 13th century of the Christian era the kings of Pagán called themselves kings of Burma and of Bengala.” (MS. Note by Sir Arthur Phayre; see also his paper in J.A.S.B. vol. XXXVII. part I.)
NOTE 3. — It is very difficult to know what to make of the repeated assertions of old writers as to the numbers of men carried by war-elephants, or, if we could admit those numbers, to conceive how the animal could have carried the enormous structure necessary to give them space to use their weapons. The Third Book of Maccabees is the most astounding in this way, alleging that a single elephant carried 32 stout men, besides the Indian Mahaut. Bochart indeed supposes the number here to be a clerical error for 12, but this would even be extravagant. Friar Jordanus is, no doubt, building on the Maccabees rather than on his own Oriental experience when he says that the elephant “carrieth easily more than 30 men.” Philostratus, in his Life of Apollonius, speaks of 10 to 15; Ibn Batuta of about 20; and a great elephant sent by Timur to the Sultan of Egypt is said to have carried 20 drummers. Christopher Borri says that in Cochin China the elephant did ordinarily carry 13 or 14 persons, 6 on each side in two tiers of 3 each, and 2 behind. On the other hand, among the ancients, Strabo and Aelian speak of three soldiers only in addition to the driver, and Livy, describing the Battle of Magnesia, of four. These last are reasonable statements.
(Bochart, Hierozoicon, ed. 3rd, p. 266; Jord., p. 26; Philost. trad. par A. Chassaing, liv. II. c. ii.; Ibn Bat. II. 223; N. and E. XIV. 510; Cochin China, etc., London, 1633, ed. 3; Armandi, Hist. Militaire des Eléphants, 259 seqq. 442.)
1 Sir A. Phayre thinks this may have been Vikrampúr, for some time the capital of Eastern Bengal before the Mahomedan conquest. Vikrampúr was some miles east of Dacca, and the dynasty in question was that called Vaidya. (See Lassen, III. 749.) Patteik–Kará is apparently an attempt to represent some Hindi name such as Patthargarh, “The Stone–Fort.”
Front Table of Contents Next
http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/polo/marco/travels/book2.51.html
Last updated Thursday, December 25, 2014 at 10:52
kai
February 11, 2015 at 3:10 pm
မာကိုပိုလိုစာအုပ်ကနေ… ကောက်ချက်.. မှတ်ချက်ကလေးဆွဲမယ်..။
၁) ကုလားကျမင်းကို.. အင်္ဂလိပ်လို.. ဟိန္ဒူတွေလုပ်ကြံခံရတဲ့မင်း..တဲ့..။ ( ကုလားဆိုတာ.. ဟိန္ဒူ)
၂)ပုဂံခေတ်က မြန်မာမင်းကို.. ဘင်္ဂလားမင်းလို့လည်းခေါ်တယ်တဲ့ဗျ…။ ( ဘင်္ဂလား..စစ်တကောင်းနယ်သည်… မြန်မာပိုင်..။ ဘင်္ဂလားသားသည်… မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသား )
kai
February 11, 2015 at 3:16 pm
kāla 1 means “black, of a dark colour, dark-blue …” and has a feminine form ending in ī – kālī – as mentioned in Pāṇini 4-1, 42.
ကုလားသည်.. အူရဒူဘာသာတွင်.. အမဲတဲ့ခင်ဗျ…
Urban Dictionary: Kala
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Kala
Urban Dictionary
kala. Meaning Black in urdu, the official language of Pakistan. Refers to any black masculine object. What’s the color of your dress? Oh my dress is kala with gray …
kai
February 11, 2015 at 3:18 pm
Sina – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina
Wikipedia
Sina may refer to: Chin (China), or Sina (Chinese 支那), old Chinese form of the Sanskrit name Cina (चीन) … Sino- prefix from Latin meaning China- …
=
Origin of SINO-
French, from Late Latin Sinae, plural, Chinese, from Greek Sinai, probably of Indo-Aryan origin; akin to Sanskrit Cīnā, plural, Chinese
=
(၇) စိနရဋ္ဌ (ချိန) ခေါ် စိန့်တိုင်း ၅-ရပ်။ ။ ဟိမဝန္တာ၏ အရှေ့ဘက်အရပ်နှင့် မြောက်ဘက်အရပ်ရှိ (၁) ခိုတန်၊ (၂) ဘူတန်၊ (၃) ယရကန်၊ (၄) တိဘက်၊ (၅) တရုတ်ပြည်တို့သို့ အရှင်မဇ္ဈိမထေရ်ခေါင်းဆောင်လျက် အဖွဲ့ဝင် ၄-ပါးတို့ ကြွချီ တော်မူကြကာ ဓမ္မစက္ကပဝတ္တနသုတ္တန်ကို ဟောတော်မူ၍ သိမ်းသွင်းကာ သာ သနာ ပြုတော်မူကြသည်။
=
ရာဇာဝင်ထဲက သတုို့သမီး ~ . – ကျားပေါက်
http://www.shannilay.com/2012/02/blog-post_7820.html
Translate this page
Feb 4, 2012 – ဥတည်ဘွားမင်း စိုးစံနေတဲ့ ဂန္ဓလရာဇ (ဂန္ဓလရာဇ်) ခေါ် တရုတ်ပြည်သို့ ရောက်သော်၊ တရုတ် ဥတည်ဘွား …
Ma Ma
February 11, 2015 at 3:54 pm
-ian နဲ့ -ese ကို သဂျီးအလေးထားပြီး ပြောတာ သတိထားမိတယ်။
ခုတော့လည်း အမအမည်မရှိ၊ အမှတ်မရှိ တဲ့ ထပ်တိုးလာပြန်ပြီ။ :b:
မြန်မာတွေမှာ မျိုးရိုးနာမည်မရှိတာကို ဆင်ခြေပေးရရင်….
လူတဦးချင်းစီမှာ ကိုယ်ပိုင်နာမည်သုံးနိုင်တာ သမိုင်းအစဉ်အဆက်ကတည်းက ဒီမိုကရေစီ ရလာတာလို့တောင် ဂုဏ်ယူနိုင်သေး။ :k:
Mr. MarGa
February 11, 2015 at 5:25 pm
ဗမာ – Burman
ဗြဟ္မာ – Brahma
မြန်မာလူမျိုး – Burmese
🙄
kai
February 11, 2015 at 5:55 pm
ဗမာဆိုတာက… သခင်ဗသောင်းကထွင်သွားတာမို့.. Bama or Bamar..ဗမာလူမျိုးဖြစ်ပါသတဲ့..။
ဗြဟ္မာ – Brahma ကတော့.. ဟိန္ဒူတွေကိုးကွယ်တဲ့နတ်ဘုရား.. ဒါမှမဟတု်.. ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာရဲ့ဗြဟ္မာဘုံ နေသူ..။
-ian / -ean / -an ဟာ.. တအုပ်စုအတူတူဖြစ်တာမို့.. လူမျိုးအမည်… Burman ပေးပြီးရင်..
-ese .. အုပ်စုသုံးပြီး.. Burmese ဟုထပ်ပေးရန်မလို…။
တွေးစရာရှိမှာက.. Language ဘာသာစကားပါပဲ..။ :k:
Mr. MarGa
February 13, 2015 at 8:41 am
ဗမာက တိုင်းရင်းသား – Burman
မြန်မာလူမျိုးက မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသားတွေကိုပြောတာ – Burmese
:mrgreenn: :mrgreenn: :mrgreenn:
kai
February 11, 2015 at 5:58 pm
မြန်မာဟူသော အမည်ကိုသာ စာလုံးပေါင်းသတ်ပုံ အမျိုးမျိုးဖြင့် လွန်ခဲ့သော နှစ် ပေါင်း ၉၀ဝခန့်က အစပြု၍ ကျောက်စာမင်စာတို့တွင် တွေ့လာခဲ့ရကြောင်း သိရှိရသည်။ ဗမာဟူ၍ မရှိ။ ရှင်းရှင်းဆိုရလျှင် ဗမာ သည် သခင်ဘသောင်း ဦးစီးတည်ထောင်ခဲ့သော တို့ဗမာအစည်းအရုံးသမိုင်း စာမျက်နှာ ၁၃၃နှင့် ၂၁၅တို့တွင် တို့ဗမာဟု အဘယ့်ကြောင့် သုံးနှုန်းရပုံ၊ ဗမာဟူသော အသုံးအနှုန်းနှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ ရှင်းလင်းချက်နှင့် ဗမာပြည်ဟူသော အခေါ်အဝေါ်အပေါ် တို့ဗမာ အစည်းအရုံးဝင် သခင်အများစု၏ သဘောထား စေတနာကို ဖော်ပြထားသည်။
တို့ဗမာ အစည်းအရုံး”ဟူရာ၌ တို့ဗမာပြည်ထဲ၌ရှိသော လူမျိုးအားလုံးကို ကိုယ်စားပြုသည့် အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဖော်ဆောင်ခြင်း အထိမ်းအမှတ်အဖြစ် “တို့ဗမာ”ဟု ခေါ်ဝေါ်သုံးနှုန်းခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။
မြန်မာဟူသောစကားမှာ မြန်မာ၊ မာသည် ဟူသော အဓိပါယ်ကို ဆောင် သော်လည်း နှာသံပါ၍ ဘောင်ကျဉ်းသည်။ အားနည်းသည်။
ရှမ်း၊ ကရင်၊ ချင်း၊ ကချင်၊ မွန်၊ ရခိုင်၊ ပလောင်၊ တောင်သူ၊ ဆလုံ၊ နာဂ၊ မြန်မာ စသော ဗမာတိုင်းရင်းသားအားလုံးကို ခြုံ၍ ငုံမိစေရန် “ဗမာ”ဟူသော စကားလုံးကို ရွေးသည်။
အသံထွက် မာကျော ၍ သုံးစွဲသည်။ တဖန် “ဘ”ကုန်းနှင့် “ဘမာ”ဟု မရေးဘဲ “ဗ”လချိုက်နှင့် ရေးခြင်းမှာလည်း “ဘ”သည် ရံဖန်ရံခါ “ဖ”သံထွက်သ ဖြင့် စိတ်မချရသောကြောင့် “ဗ”လချိုက်နှင့် “ဗမာ”ဟု ရေးသည်။ (တို့ဗမာအစည်းအရုံးသမိုင်း၊ ခေတ်သစ်လူငယ်တစုနှင့် တို့ဗမာ ဝါဒအစ၊ စာ ၁၃၃) (ပုံ-၁))
ဗမာ ဆိုသည်မှာ (တို့ဗမာ အစည်းအရုံး သမိုင်း စာအုပ်မှ)
kai
February 12, 2015 at 9:53 am
ဗမာ
Mr. MarGa
February 13, 2015 at 8:44 am
အဲ.. ဂလိုဆိုရင်
မြန်မာတိုင်းရင်းသား မြန်မာလူမျိုး – burmese
မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသား – burman
အဲ့လိုလုပ်ပလိုက်
:mrgreenn: :mrgreenn: :mrgreenn:
ဦးကြောင်ကြီး
February 12, 2015 at 11:49 am
မြန်တျန့်ကြတော့ရော ပန်းသေးဦးမာမွတ်..
kai
February 12, 2015 at 2:48 pm
In Polo’s account, Burma appears under the name Mien; this is how the country was called by the Chinese in those days.
့မြန်တျန့်က.. မြန်မာကိုစိန့်တိုင်းစကားနဲ့ခေါ်တာဖြစ်လိမ့်မယ်…။
မာကိုပိုလိုလက်ထက်ကခေါ်တာတော့.. မီယန်တဲ့..။ :k:
မြစပဲရိုး
February 12, 2015 at 2:53 pm
How about Myanmarland so… nationality will still remain as Myanmar. lol:-))))
မြစပဲရိုး
February 12, 2015 at 2:44 pm
. နိုင်ငံ Greece လူမျိုး Greek
. နိုင်ငံ witzerland လူမျိုး Swiss
. နိုင်ငံ Thailand လူမျိုး Thai
. နိုင်ငံ Somalia လူမျိုး Somali
We are not alone.
kai
February 12, 2015 at 2:53 pm
You are ALONE! :k:
ယခင့်ယခင်
နိုင်ငံ.. Burma.. လူမျိုး.. Burman စာပေ Burman ( Tibeto-Burman )
ယခင်
နိုင်ငံ.. Burma.. လူမျိုး.. Burmese စာပေ Burmese
ယခု
နိုင်ငံ.. Myanmar.. လူမျိုး.. Myanmar စာပေ Myanmar
Laos ကတောင်.. Laotian လုပ်တာမို့…
မြန်မာတွေကတော့.. ရှိပြီး Burman ကိုတဆင့်ချပြီး.. Burmese လုပ်ခံရတာ.. အဲဒီခေတ်ကလူတွေ.. လိုခဲ့တယ်လို့ထင်…
စာတွေလိုက်ဖတ်ရင်း..တွေ့တာတခုက.. ကိုလိုနီခေတ်က.. အင်္ဂလိပ်က..သူတို့ကို.. ကုလားဖြူလို့ခေါ်တာကျ.. ဥပဒေထုတ်ပြီး…တားတယ်တဲ့လေ..။
တကယ်တော့.. တိုင်းပြည်နာမယ်..။ လူမျိုးနာမယ်သည်.. အလွန်(အလွန်)ကို.. အရေးကြီးကြောင်း…။
kai
February 12, 2015 at 3:00 pm
-ese -ian -ean -an -ish -i -ic -er
တို့မှမတူ.. ကွဲပြားသော အမည်ပေးနိုင်ငံများ…။
Others
Afghanistan Afghan
Argentina Argentine
Botswana Motswana
Burkina Faso Burkinabe
Cyprus Cypriot
Czech Republic Czech
France French
Gibraltar Gibraltar
Greece Greek
Kiribati I-Kiribati
Laos Lao
Lesotho Basotho
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Madagascar Malagasy
Man, Isle of Manx
Monaco Monegasque
Netherlands Dutch
Niger Nigerien
Philippines Philippine
Seychelles Seychellois
Slovakia Slovak
Swaziland Swazi
Switzerland Swiss
Thailand Thai
Vanuatu Ni-Vanuatu
Western Sahara Sahrawi
kai
February 13, 2015 at 11:49 am
Burman ဆိုတာ မြန်မာ ( F. Carey 1814 )
http://dobamaasiayone.blogspot.com/2013/03/burman-f-cary-1814.html
kai
February 13, 2015 at 11:56 am
အင်္ဂလိပ်တွေရည်ရည်ချက်ရှိရှိနဲ့ကို… Burman ကနေ.. Burmese ပြောင်းယူလာပုံ.. အချိန်ဇယားဆွဲကြည့်ရင်တွေ့ရမှာဖြစ်ပါကြောင်း…
1841 -CHARLES LANE
kai
February 13, 2015 at 12:00 pm
1849 – A. JUDSON
kai
February 13, 2015 at 12:03 pm
1853 – KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE
http://dobamaasiayone.blogspot.com/2013/03/burma-burmese.html
ဝင့်ပြုံးမြင့်
February 14, 2015 at 3:10 pm
.Burmese ဆိုတာ နှိမ်ခေါ်တာလေ။ ဂျော့အိုဝဲ ရဲ့ မြန်မာပြည်နဲ့ ပတ်သက်တဲ့ စာတွေ အားလုံးမှာ Burman ပဲ သုံးခဲ့တာ။ မြန်မာဆိုတာကို မကြိုက်ဘူး။ ခေါ်လို့မကောင်းဘူး။ ဟိုသခင်ဘသောင်း ပြောသလိုပဲ။
နိုင်ငံကို Burma
လူမျိုးကို Burman
မြန်မာစာကို Burmese ဖြစ်ရမှာ မဟုတ်ဘူးလား။ သဂျီးရေးပြတာတွေ အကုန်မဖတ်နိုင်ပါဘူး။ လိုရင်းပဲ သိချင်တာ။
kai
February 14, 2015 at 5:03 pm
အောင်မြင်တဲ့စာရေးဆရာတယောက်အနေနဲ့.. ဒါကိုပြန်ဖေါ်ထုတ်သင့်တယ်..။
သမိုင်းကျန်ရစ်မှာပါ…။
ကျုပ်ဖြစ်စေချင်တာကတော့.. နိုင်ငံကို .. Myanmar (ထပ်ပြင်နေရင် တိုင်းပြည်ဘက်ဂျက်ကုန်နေမှာစိုးလို့)
လူမျိုးကို.. Burman ( အခုက.. အင်္ဂလိပ်အခေါ်မှာ မရှိသေးသမို့.. မူလအဟောင်း အင်္ဂလိပ်ကိုလိုနီမဖြစ်ခင်ကအသုံးအနှုန်းပြန်ယူတာ)
မြန်မာစာကို.. Burman language ( ( F. Carey 1814 ) စာအုပ် အဖုံးပါအတိုင်း.. )
http://dobamaasiayone.blogspot.com/2013/03/burman-f-cary-1814.html
ကြုံလို့သိသလောက်ပြောပြရရင်.. အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံက.. မြန်မာကို.. သူ့အောက်ကနိုင်ငံ( ကျွန်အောက်က..သဘောက်) လို့.. ယူဆထားတဲ့အခြေခံစိတ်ရှိနေသေးပုံရပါတယ်..။
(အင်္ဂလိပ်က.. မြန်မာနိုင်ငံကို.. အိနိ္ဒယနိုင်ငံအောက်မှာထားခဲ့ဖူး)
Myanmar လူမျိုးကို.. သူတို့မီဒီယာမှာရေးတိုင်း.. အတင်းကို Myanmarese လုပ်လေ့ရှိတာသတိထားမိတယ်..။ သူတို့က.. လူဦးရေများတော့..အဲဒီလို -ese အဆုံးသတ်နဲ့ ထပ်”တွင်”သွားမှာတော့စိုးရိမ်သား..။
‘Fraternal’ Myanmar, India for closer links – The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com › News › National
The Hindu
Nov 12, 2014 – As Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Myanmarese President Thein Sein met at Nay Pyi Taw, the capital of this eastern neighbour of India, on …