Wikipedia နဲ့ CIA က မြင်တဲ့နော်ဝေစီးပွါးရေး Economy – X

 နော်ဝေရဲ့စီးပွါးရေးဟာနိုင်ငံပိုင်နဲ့

ပုဂ်ဂလိကပိုင်နှစ်မျိုးစလုံး

ရောနှောဒွန်တွဲနေတဲ့စံနစ် ဖြစ်တာ၊

စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေးခေတ် က စတင်ပြီး တိုးတက်မှုမြန်ဆန်လာတာ၊

သယံဇာတပေါကြွယ်တာကြောင့်ဖြစ်တာ၊

အဲဒီသယံဇာတပေါကြွယ်တဲ့အနက်က

ရေနံရှာဖွေရေးနဲ့ထုတ်လုပ်ရေး၊

ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားထုတ်လုပ်ရေးနဲ့

ရေသတ်တဝါလုပ်ငန်း (ပင်လယ်ငါးဖမ်းလုပ်ငန်း)

တို့ပါဝင်တာ၊

အခြားဥရောပနိုင်ငံနဲ့နှိုင်းရင် နော်ဝေရဲ့လူနေမှုအဆင့်အတန်းဟာ အလွန်ကြီးမြင့်တာ၊

ခိုင်လုံ ဘက်စုံ ကျနတဲ့ လူမှုဖူလုံရေးစံနစ်လဲရှိတာ၊

The economy of Norway is a developed mixed economy with heavy state-ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Although sensitive to global business cycles, the economy of Norway has shown robust growth since the start of the industrial era. Shipping has long been a support of Norway’s export sector, but much of Norway’s economic growth has been fueled by an abundance of natural resources, including petroleum exploration and production, hydroelectric power, and fisheries. Agriculture and traditional heavy manufacturing have suffered relative decline compared to services and oil-related industries, and the public sector is among the largest in the world as a percentage of the overall gross domestic product. The country has a very high standard of living compared with other European countries, and a strongly integrated welfare system.

Economy of Norway – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway

 

 

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စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေးခေတ် မတိုင်မီတုန်းကဆိုရင်

လယ်ယာကိုင်းကျွန်း သစ်တော နဲ့ငါးဖမ်း လုပ်ငန်း တို့ကိုဘဲ အခြေခံရတာ၊

နော်ဝေပြည်သူတွေက ပစ်စည်းအတော်ရှားပါးစွာနဲ့ဆင်းဆင်းရဲရဲနေရတာ၊

သို့သော် အစာရေစာငတ်မွတ်ခေါင်းပါးတာက နဲ တာပါ၊

၁၉ ရာစုကျတော့(လူဦးရေများလာလို့) လယ်ယာမြေတွေ မလောက်မင ဖြစ်တာ၊

မြောက်အမေရိကာ (ကနေဒါ နဲ့ ယူအက်စ်) သို့ ပြောင်းရွှေ့ဘို့

တွန်းပေးတဲ့အကြောင်းတရပ်ပင်ဖြစ်တာ၊

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Pre-industrial revolution

Prior to the industrial revolution, Norway’s economy was largely based on agriculture, timber, and fishing. Norwegians typically lived under conditions of considerable scarcity, though famine was rare. Except for certain fertile areas in Hedemarken and Østfold, crops were limited to hardy grains, such as oats, rye, and barley; and livestock to sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and some poultry; in places this was complemented with hunting. In areas of Central and Northern Norway, the Sami subsisted on the nomadic herding of reindeer. Fishing all around the coast was dangerous work, though fish such as herring, cod, halibut, and other cold-water species were found in abundance. The introduction of the potato to Norway (in the 18th century) provided considerable relief for Norwegians.

All around the coast, the harvesting of fish (including cod, herring, halibut, and other cold water species) was an important supplement to farming and was in many areas in the north and west the primary household subsistence. Fishing was typically supplemented with crop-growing and the raising of livestock on small farms.

The economic conditions in Norway did not lend themselves to the formation of feudal system, though several kings did reward land to loyal subjects who became knights. Self-owning farmers were—and continue to be—the main unit of work in Norwegian agriculture, but leading up to the 19th century farmers ran out of land available for farming. Many agricultural families were reduced to poverty as tenant farmers, and served as the impetus for emigration to North America.

Industrial revolution 

Capital formation 1865 – 2003 Source: Statistics Norway

Aside from mining in Kongsberg, Røros and Løkken, industrialization came with the first textile mills that were built in Norway in the middle of the 19th century. But the first large industrial enterprises came into formation when entrepreneurs politics, leading to the founding of banks to serve those needs.

Industries also offered employment for a large number of individuals who were displaced from the agricultural sector. As wages from industry exceeded those from agriculture, the shift started a long-term trend of reduction in cultivated land and rural population patterns. The working class became a distinct phenomenon in Norway, with its own neighborhoods, culture, and politics.

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Social democratic reforms and state ownership 

Public vs. private consumption Source: Statistics Norway

The roots of the socialist movement in Norway were based on dangerous working conditions, exploitative labor relations policies, and the demand for collective bargaining. As socialism became part of the mainstream labor movement, it also became part of the mainstream political discourse.

The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, such as the strategic petroleum sector (Statoil), hydroelectric energy production (Statkraft), aluminum production (Norsk Hydro), the largest Norwegian bank (DNB) and telecommunication provider (Telenor). The government controls 31.6% of publicly-listed companies. When non-listed companies are included the state has even higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil license ownership)…

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၁၉၆၆ ကစတင်ပြီး ရေနံရှာတာက ၁၉၆၉ ကျမှတွေ့သွားတာ၊

 Ocean Viking  (ရေနံရှာသင်းဘော) က ၁၉၆၉  ဩဂုတ် ၂၁   မှာ ရေနံရှာတွေ့တာ၊  

ရေနံနဲ့ဓာတ်ငွေ့တွင်း (ကွင်းပြင်)တွေက တော်တော် ကြီးတာ၊

၁၉၈ဝ မှာ ပဌမရေနံတွင်းဖြစ်တဲ့ Ekofisk  ရေနံတွင်း က ၄၂၇၄၄၂ ပီပါး(စည်ပိုင်း)လုံးရေ ထုတ်ယူနိုင်ခဲ့တာ၊

ဒါနဲ့ဘဲ ရေနံနဲ့ဓာတ်ငွေ့တွင်းတွေတဖြေးဖြေးကုန်ခန်းလာတာကနေ နောက်ပိုင်းကျမှ ရေနံတွင်းသစ်တွေကို ထပ်တွေ့လာတော့တာ၊

Petroleum and post-industrialism

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Oil-exporting country

Main article: Energy in Norway 

Oil production, Norwegian sector; Source: Statistics Norway

In May 1963, Norway asserted sovereign rights over natural resources in its sector of the North Sea. Exploration started on 19 July 1966, when Ocean Traveler drilled its first well. Initial exploration was fruitless, until Ocean Viking found oil on 21 August 1969. By the end of 1969, it was clear that there were large oil and gas reserves in the North Sea. The first oil field was Ekofisk, produced 427,442 barrels (67,957.8 m³) of crude in 1980. Since then, large natural gas reserves have also been discovered.

Against the backdrop of the Norwegian referendum to not join the European Union, the Norwegian Ministry of Industry, headed by Ola Skjåk Bræk moved quickly to establish a national energy policy. Norway decided to stay out of OPEC, keep its own energy prices in line with world markets, and spend the revenue – known as the “currency gift” – wisely. The Norwegian government established its own oil company, Statoil, and awarded drilling and production rights to Norsk Hydro and the newly formed Saga Petroleum.

The North Sea turned out to present many technological challenges for production and exploration, and Norwegian companies invested in building capabilities to meet these challenges. A number of engineering and construction companies emerged from the remnants of the largely lost shipbuilding industry, creating centers of competence in Stavanger and the western suburbs of Oslo. Stavanger also became the land-based staging area for the offshore drilling industry. Presently North Sea is past its peak oil production. New oil and gas fields have been found and developed in the large Norwegian areas of the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea, including Snøhvit….

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 CIA – The World Factbook

 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html

Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway’s economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities, maintaining the country’s extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness.

သင်သိပါသလားဗျို့?

အမေရိကားနေ နော်ဝေနွယ်ဘွား အမေရိကန် ၄.၆သန်း တို့ဟာ 

ပင်ရင်းနော်ဝေနိုင်ငံနေနော်ဝေပြည်သူဦးရေ ၅.ဝ သန်း နဲ့မတိမ်းမငြိမ်းလောက်တောင်ရှိတာ၊

 

နံမယ်ကျော် ရုပ်ရှင်မင်းသမီးချော Marilyn Monroe မယ် ရီလင်း မွန်ယိုးဟာ နော်ဝေအနွယ်ဖြစ်နိုင်ကြောင်း ထင်ကြေးပေးကြတာ၊

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian-Americans

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway

Marilyn Monroe[1][2] (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962)[3] was an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s.[4]

John Ashcroft  ကMissouri ပြည်နယ် Governor  (ဘုရင်ခံအဆင့်လိုဘဲ)၊ Missouri  က     ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော်အမတ်၊ယူအက်စ်အေ တရားရေးဝန်ကြီးဖြစ်ခဲ့တာ၊

John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is a United States politician who served as the 79th United States Attorney General, from 2001 until 2005, appointed by President George W. Bush. Ashcroft previously served as the 50th Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001).

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Electricity sector in Norway – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Norway

လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားသုံးစွဲမှု

၂၀၀ရ မှာလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား ၁၃ရ Twh  ထုတ်လုပ်တာ၊ ဒီအနက် ၁၃၅ Twh က ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်စက်ရုံများမှ ဖြစ်တာ၊ 

၁၅၃၆ Gwh က သဘာဝ ရေပူစမ်းသုံး လျှပ်စစ်ထုတ်စက်ရုံစခန်းမှဖြစ်ပြီး၊ 

၈၉၂ Gwh  က လေထုအင်အားသုံးလျှပ်စစ်ထုတ်လုပ်ရေးစက်ရုံများမှဖြစ်တာ၊

နော်ဝေသုံးတာက ၁၁၅ Twh ဖြစ်တာ၊

၂၀၀၄-၂၀၀၉ အတွင်းမှာ နော်ဝေပြည်သူတဦးချင်း လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား သုံးတာက နှစ်စဉ် ဖျမ်မျှအားဖြင့် ၂၆-၂ရ Mwh ရှိတာ၊

၂၀၀၈ မှာ ဥရောပ EU   ရဲ့တဦးချင်း လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား သုံးတာက ဖျမ်းမျှအားဖြင့် ၇.၄ Mwh ဖြစ်လို့  ၃ ဆကျော်တောင်ရှိတာ၊

Consumption

Of the total production in 2007 of 137 TWh, 135 TWh was from hydroelectric plants, 1 536 GWh was from thermal power, and 892 GWh was wind generated.[1] In same year, the total consumption was 115 TWh.[2]

The annual electricity consumption was about 26-27 MWh per inhabitant during 2004-2009 when the European union (EU15) average in 2008 was 7.4 MWh. Norway’s consumption of electricity was over three times higher per person compared to the EU 15 average in 2008. The domestic electricity supply promotes use of electricity. [3]…

လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား ပို့ဆောင်မှု

အိမ်နီးချင်း နိုင်ငံSweden, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands (Holland) တို့နဲ့တိုက်ရိုက် ဓာတ်ကြိုးလိုင်းတွေ ချိတ်ဆက် သွယ်သန်း ထားတာ၊

ဝယ်အား နဲ့ ဈေးနှုန်းပြောင်းလဲမှုကိုလိုက်ပြီးပြောင်းနိုင်စွမ်းရှိတာ၊

နံနက်ပိုင်း ဈေးကောင်းချိန်မှာဓာတ်အားတွေရောင်းချပို့ဆောင်ပြီး၊ 

ညပိုင်းဈေးကျချိန်မှာဓာတ်အားတွေကိုပြန်လဲဝယ်ယူတင်သွင်းတာ၊

Transmission

Norway has an open electric market, integrated with the other Nordic countries. Export and import is routine over the direct power links to Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The market is handled by NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot. Many of the hydroelectric plants in Norway are easily adjustable and can adapt well to variations in demand, and hence in price. On a normal day, when price is low during nighttime, Norway normally imports power, and exports during daytime when the price is higher.

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ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားထုတ်လုပ်မှု

ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားထုတ်စက်ရုံတွေကိုတည်ဆောက်တာ နဲ့

လည်ပတ်အောင်ကွပ်ကဲ တဲ့နေရာမှာနော်ဝေကအထူးကျွမ်းကျင်ကြောင်း

တော်တော်များများက ယူဆတာ၊

၂၀၀၈ မှာ နော်ဝေက ထုတ်တဲ့လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား 141 Twh အနက် 98.5% က ရေအားမှဖြစ်ပြီး၊

နိုင်ငံတကာ ထုတ်လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား စုစုပေါင်း  ရဲ့ 4.3% ဖြစ်တာ၊

IEA အရ၊ China, Canada, Brazil, US, Russia နိုင်ငံတို့ပြီးရင် အမှတ်စဉ် ၆ က နေရာယူတာ

Hydroelectricity

See also: Hydroelectricity in Norway

Norway is considered by many^[who?^] to have particular expertise in the area of building and operation of hydroelectric power plants.

Hydroelectricity was 98.5 % of electricity generation in 2008. 141 TWh hydropower in 2008 was 4.3 % of the world total. The installed capacity of hydropower was 29 GW in 2007.[6]

According to IEA Norway was the 6th in the hydroelectricity power in the world in 2008 after China, Canada, Brazil, United States and Russia.[6]